NASA Mission Monitoring Air Quality from Space Extended

NASA’s TEMPO mission has been extended through at least September 2026 after completing its initial 20-month prime mission, which aimed to measure air quality from space.
The TEMPO mission uses a spectrometer to gather hourly air quality data continuously over North America during daytime hours, providing detailed information down to just a few square miles.
TEMPO detects and measures nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and formaldehyde (HCHO), which can derive the presence of near-surface ozone, allowing for better understanding of air pollution sources and effects.
The mission has already provided valuable data to inform public health decisions, such as issuing timely air quality warnings and reducing outdoor exposure during times of higher pollution.
TEMPO’s data is archived and distributed freely through the Atmospheric Science Data Center, with over 800 unique users and a substantial demand for its critical role in air quality monitoring and scientific research.

4 min read

Preparations for Next Moonwalk Simulations Underway (and Underwater)

Since launching in 2023, NASA’s Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution mission, or TEMPO, has been measuring the quality of the air we breathe from 22,000 miles above the ground. June 19 marked the successful completion of TEMPO’s 20-month-long initial prime mission, and based on the quality of measurements to date, the mission has been extended through at least September 2026. The TEMPO mission is NASA’s first to use a spectrometer to gather hourly air quality data continuously over North America during daytime hours. It can see details down to just a few square miles, a significant advancement over previous satellites.

“NASA satellites have a long history of missions lasting well beyond the primary mission timeline. While TEMPO has completed its primary mission, the life for TEMPO is far from over,” said Laura Judd, research physical scientist and TEMPO science team member at NASA’s Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. “It is a big jump going from once-daily images prior to this mission to hourly data. We are continually learning how to use this data to interpret how emissions change over time and how to track anomalous events, such as smoggy days in cities or the transport of wildfire smoke.”

By measuring nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and formaldehyde (HCHO), TEMPO can derive the presence of near-surface ozone. On Aug. 2, 2024 over Houston, TEMPO observed exceptionally high ozone levels in the area. On the left, NO2 builds up in the atmosphere over the city and over the Houston Ship Channel. On the right, formaldehyde levels are seen reaching a peak in the early afternoon. Formaldehyde is largely formed through the oxidation of hydrocarbons, an ingredient of ozone production, such as those that can be emitted by petrochemical facilities found in the Houston Ship Channel.

Trent Schindler/NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio

When air quality is altered by smog, wildfire smoke, dust, or emissions from vehicle traffic and power plants, TEMPO detects the trace gases that come with those effects. These include nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and formaldehyde in the troposphere, the lowest layer of Earth’s atmosphere.

“A major breakthrough during the primary mission has been the successful test of data delivery in under three hours with the help of NASA’s Satellite Needs Working Group. This information empowers decision-makers and first responders to issue timely air quality warnings and help the public reduce outdoor exposure during times of higher pollution,” said Hazem Mahmoud, lead data scientist at NASA’s Atmospheric Science Data Center located at Langley Research Center.

…the substantial demand for TEMPO's data underscores its critical role…

hazem mahmoud

NASA Data Scientist

TEMPO data is archived and distributed freely through the Atmospheric Science Data Center. “The TEMPO mission has set a groundbreaking record as the first mission to surpass two petabytes, or 2 million gigabytes, of data downloads within a single year,” said Mahmoud. “With over 800 unique users, the substantial demand for TEMPO’s data underscores its critical role and the immense value it provides to the scientific community and beyond.” Air quality forecasters, atmospheric scientists, and health researchers make up the bulk of the data users so far.

On April 14, strong winds triggered the formation of a huge dust storm in the U.S. central plains and fueled the ignition of grassland fires in Oklahoma. On the left, the NO2 plumes originating from the grassland fires are tracked hour-by-hour by TEMPO. Smoke can be discerned from dust as a source since dust is not a source of NO2. The animation on the right shows the ultraviolet (UV) aerosol index, which indicates particulates in the atmosphere that absorb UV light, such as dust and smoke.

Trent Schindler/NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio

The TEMPO mission is a collaboration between NASA and the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, whose Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian oversees daily operations of the TEMPO instrument and produces data products through its Instrument Operations Center.

Datasets from TEMPO will be expanded through collaborations with partner agencies like the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), which is deriving aerosol products that can distinguish between smoke and dust particles and offer insights into their altitude and concentration.

On May 5, TEMPO measured NO2 emissions over the Twin Cities in the center of Minnesota during morning rush hour. The NO2 increases seen mid-day through the early evening hours are illustrated by the red and black shaded areas at the Red River Valley along the North Dakota state line. These levels are driven by emissions from the soils in agriculturally rich areas. Agricultural soil emissions are influenced by environmental factors like temperature and moisture as well as fertilizer application. Small fires and enhancements from mining activities can also be seen popping up across the region through the afternoon.

Trent Schindler/NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio

“These datasets are being used to inform the public of rush-hour pollution, air quality alerts, and the movement of smoke from forest fires,” said Xiong Liu, TEMPO’s principal investigator at the Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian. “The library will soon grow with the important addition of aerosol products. Users will be able to use these expanded TEMPO products for air quality monitoring, improving forecast models, deriving pollutant amounts in emissions and many other science applications.”

A map of North America shows several wide swaths of purple illustrating smoke in the atmosphere as measured by NASA's TEMPO instrument during wildfires in Manitoba from June 2, 2025.

The TEMPO mission detects and highlights movement of smoke originating from fires burning in Manitoba on June 2. Seen in purple hues are observations made by TEMPO in the ultraviolet spectrum compared to Advanced Baseline Imagers (ABIs) on NOAA’s GOES-R series of weather satellites that do not have the needed spectral coverage. The NOAA GOES-R data paired with NASA’s TEMPO data enhance state and local agencies’ ability to provide near-real-time smoke and dust impacts in local air quality forecasts.

NOAA/NESDIS/Center for Satellite Applications and Research

“The TEMPO data validation has truly been a community effort with over 20 agencies at the federal and international level, as well as a community of over 200 scientists at research and academic institutions,” Judd added. “I look forward to seeing how TEMPO data will help close knowledge gaps about the timing, sources, and evolution of air pollution from this unprecedented space-based view.”

An agency review will take place in the fall to assess TEMPO’s achievements and extended mission goals and identify lessons learned that can be applied to future missions.

The TEMPO mission is part of NASA’s Earth Venture Instrument program, which includes small, targeted science investigations designed to complement NASA’s larger research missions. The instrument also forms part of a virtual constellation of air quality monitors for the Northern Hemisphere which includes South Korea’s Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer and ESA’s (European Space Agency) Sentinel-4 satellite. TEMPO was built by BAE Systems Inc., Space & Mission Systems (formerly Ball Aerospace). It flies onboard the Intelsat 40e satellite built by Maxar Technologies. The TEMPO Instrument Operations Center and the Science Data Processing Center are operated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, part of the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian in Cambridge.

For more information about the TEMPO instrument and mission, visit:

https://science.nasa.gov/mission/tempo/

About the Author

Charles G. Hatfield

Science Public Affairs Officer, NASA Langley Research Center

Details

Last Updated

Jul 03, 2025

Location

NASA Langley Research Center

Related Terms

Keep Exploring

Discover More Topics From NASA

Missions

Humans in Space

Climate Change

Solar System

link

Q. What is NASA’s Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO) mission?

A. TEMPO is a NASA mission that measures air quality from space, using a spectrometer to gather hourly data continuously over North America during daytime hours.

Q. How long has the TEMPO mission been operational?

A. The TEMPO mission was launched in 2023 and completed its initial prime mission on June 19, 2024, but it has been extended through at least September 2026.

Q. What type of data does TEMPO collect?

A. TEMPO collects data on nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and formaldehyde (HCHO), which can be used to derive the presence of near-surface ozone.

Q. How is TEMPO’s data being used?

A. The substantial demand for TEMPO’s data underscores its critical role in informing air quality alerts, reducing outdoor exposure during times of higher pollution, and improving forecast models.

Q. Who are some of the users of TEMPO’s data?

A. Air quality forecasters, atmospheric scientists, and health researchers make up the bulk of the data users so far.

Q. What is the significance of TEMPO’s extended mission through September 2026?

A. The extension allows for continued learning how to use the data to interpret how emissions change over time and track anomalous events, such as smoggy days in cities or the transport of wildfire smoke.

Q. How does TEMPO compare to previous satellites in terms of its ability to gather air quality data?

A. TEMPO can see details down to just a few square miles, a significant advancement over previous satellites that could only provide once-daily images.

Q. What is the collaboration between NASA and the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory on the TEMPO mission?

A. The Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian oversees daily operations of the TEMPO instrument and produces data products through its Instrument Operations Center.

Q. How will the datasets from TEMPO be expanded in the future?

A. Collaborations with partner agencies like NOAA will expand the datasets to include aerosol products that can distinguish between smoke and dust particles, offering insights into their altitude and concentration.

News Warner