Discovery could slash a common cancer drug’s price
- New research has identified the two missing pieces to understanding how Taxol, a common cancer drug, is formed in nature, allowing for biotech-based production.
- The discovery enables the development of a biotechnological method to produce Taxol in yeast cells, which could slash the price of the drug by half or more.
- Currently, Taxol costs over USD 20,000 per kilogram, making it one of the most expensive active pharmaceutical ingredients in use, but the new method is expected to be more cost-effective and sustainable.
- The production method involves cloning taxol-producing genes from the yew tree and inserting them into yeast cells, which can then produce Taxol without harming the environment or using harmful chemicals.
- The researchers aim to make Taxol more accessible to people in developing countries where high prices are a major barrier to cancer treatment, with the goal of contributing to lower-priced drugs for better patient outcomes.
New research could halve the price of a costly cancer drug.
Taxol is one of the most commonly prescribed chemotherapy drugs for breast, ovarian, cervical, and lung cancer. Yet producing the drug is complex, costly, and environmentally burdensome, as it currently relies on a complicated chemical semi-synthesis.
For 30 years, scientists around the world have tried to understand how taxol, a natural compound derived from the Pacific yew tree, forms in nature. Decoding this process would allow for biotech-based production.
But the final steps remained unknown—until now.
A research team from the University of Copenhagen has succeeded in finding the two missing pieces: They have identified the enzymes responsible for the two critical final steps in the biosynthetic pathway that makes Taxol active as a drug.
“Taxol has been the Holy Grail in this research field for decades because it’s an exceptionally complex molecule. But with the discovery of the final two enzymes, we now fully understand how it’s formed. This has allowed us to develop a biotechnological method to produce taxol in yeast cells,” says Sotirios Kampranis, professor at the plant and environmental sciences department and senior author of the study in Nature Synthesis.
The method involves cloning the taxol-producing genes from the yew tree and inserting them into yeast cells. These engineered yeast cells then become host organisms or micro-factories with the full recipe to produce taxol.
The researchers have applied for patenting the method and are in the process of launching a spin-out company to manufacture biosynthetic Taxol.
Taxol was originally extracted from the inside bark of the Pacific yew tree (Taxus brevifolia), but as the taxol content in the bark is very low, harvesting it meant removing all the bark and as a result of this killing the tree.
Yew trees take 70 to 100 years to mature. Producing just one treatment required about two trees, making this method highly unsustainable. It was abandoned years ago, though wild yew trees are still under pressure in some regions.
“Using this method, we can produce Taxol cheaper than current conventional methods. Looking ahead, once we refine the process further, we expect to be able to reduce the cost by half,” says Assistant Professor and first author Feiyan Liang.
Lower prices are especially crucial as ovarian cancer is on the rise globally. The prevalence of the disease is expected to increase by over 55% by 2050, with the vast majority of cases in low and middle-income countries. The number of women dying from ovarian cancer is projected to rise by nearly 70% in the same period.
Currently, taxol costs more than USD 20,000 per kilogram, making it one of the most expensive active pharmaceutical ingredients in use.
“We see increasing demand for Taxol in many developing countries, where the high price is a major barrier. We hope our work will contribute to lower-priced drugs so that more people can have access to cancer treatment,” Liang says.
The new method is not only more cost-effective but also more sustainable than chemical synthesis. One advantage is that the procedure does not involve harmful chemicals and solvents common in chemical production. Another advantage is that it allows the use of more crude, less purified extracts from yew needles as starting material—much cheaper than the ultra-pure inputs required in chemical semi-synthesis. On top of that, the materials can be recycled.
“We want to show that it’s possible to build a biotechnological drug production that is both sustainable and low-cost. There are very few examples of that today, but we now have the foundation to make it happen,” says Kampranis.
Source: University of Zurich
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